OPSC Asst. Conservator of Forests Syllabus 2024: Not to be Missed

OPSC Asst. Conservator of Forests Syllabus

The article covers the detailed OPSC Asst. Conservator of Forests Syllabus 2024 and systematically explain the Asst. Conservator of Forests Exam Pattern.

The written examination shall be on the following papers, two compulsory and four optional papers carrying 300 marks and 200 marks each respectively with a duration of three hours :-

Paper	Subject	Marks
Paper I	General English	300
Paper II	General Knowledge	300
Paper III	First Optional (Paper I)	200
Paper IV	First Optional (Paper II)	200
Paper V	Second Optional (Paper I)	200
Paper VI	Second Optional (Paper II)	200
Total-		1400

List of optional Subjects:

A candidate shall select any two subjects from the following and each subject shall have two papers:-

• i) Agriculture
• ii) Agriculture Engineering
• iii) Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry
• iv) Botany
• v) Chemistry
• vi) Chemical Engineering
• vii) Civil Engineering
• viii) Forestry
• ix) Geology
• x) Mathematics
• xi) Mechanical Engineering
• xii) Physics
• xiii) Statistics
• xiv) Zoology

Provided that the candidates will not be allowed to offer the following combination of subjects:-

(a) Agriculture and Agricultural Engineering (b) Agriculture and veterinary science and Animal Husbandry (c) Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (d) Mathematics and Statistics (e) Of the engineering subjects viz Agricultural Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering not more than one subject.

Asst. Conservator of Forests Exam Pattern

• The Standard of papers in General English and General Knowledge will be such as may be expected of a Science or Engineering Graduate of an Indian University.
• The Scope of the syllabus for optional subject papers for the examination is broadly of the Honours Degree level i.e. A Level Higher than be Bachelors Degree and lower than the Masters Degree. In the case of engineering subjects, the level corresponds to the Bachelors Degree.
• There shall be no practical examination in any of the subjects
• If two or more candidates obtain equal marks in the aggregate, the order of merit shall be determined in accordance with the highest marks secured in the interview. In case the marks in the interview of the candidates concerned are also equal then the order of merit shall be decided in accordance with the highest marks obtained by such candidates in the aggregate in the compulsory subject.
• The question papers in all subjects may be put in English only except in language papers and reply may be permitted in English or Odia in descriptive papers, according to the choice of the candidate. The candidate will specify the option of language in the application form. No candidate will be permitted to use more than one language in the same answer script.
• The Commission shall summon for interview of all the candidates who have appeared at the written test and have secured minimum qualifying marks to be prescribed by the Commission at their discretion.
• There is no time limit for interview.
• If a candidate’s handwriting is not legible a deduction which may be to the extent of ten per centum of marks otherwise occurring to him in a paper may be made.
• From the mark assigned to candidate in each subject such deduction may be made as the Commission may consider necessary in order to ensure that no credit is allowed for merely superficial knowledge.
• Credit shall be given to orderly, effective and exact expression combined with due economy of words in all subjects of the examination.

OPSC Asst. Conservator of Forests Syllabus

Paper-I

General English -The question paper in General English will be designed to test the candidate’s understanding of English and workmanlike use of words as noted below. The pattern of questions would broadly be as follows :-

Concepts	Marks
Comprehension of a given passage	Comprehension of a given passage
Precis writing with a passage of around 1000 words	40 Marks
Translation from Odia to English	30 Marks
Grammar, usage and vocabulary	80 Marks
Short Essay of around 1000 words	100 Marks
Expansion of an idea	20 Marks
	Total — 300 Marks

Paper-II

General Knowledge- The paper in General knowledge will include knowledge of current events and of such matters as of everyday observation and experience in their scientific aspects as may be expected of an educated person, who has not made a special study of any scientific subject. The paper will also include questions on Indian polity including the political system and the constitution of India, History of India and Geography of a nature, which the candidates should be able to answer without special study. Total- 300 Marks

Optional Subjects for Asst. Conservator of Forests

Total number of questions in the question papers of optional subjects will be eight

All questions will carry equal marks. Each paper will be divided into two parts, viz. Part A and Part B, each part containing four questions. Out of eight questions, five questions are to be attempted.

One question in each part will be compulsory.

Candidates will be required to answer three more questions out of the remaining six questions, taking at least one question from each Part. In this way, at least two questions will be attempted from each Part i.e. one compulsory question plus one more.

Detailed Syllabus of Optional Subjects

Agriculture

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

Paper-I

Paper-II

Section-A Soil and Water Conservation : Scope of soil and water conservation. Mechanics and types of erosion, their causes. Rainfall, runoff and sedimentation relationships and their measurement. Soil erosion control measures – biological and engineering including stream bank protection-vegetative barriers, contour bunds, contour trenches, contour stone walls, contour ditches, terraces, outlets and grassed waterways. Gully control structures – temporary and permanent – design of permanent soil conservation structures such as chute, drop and drop inlet spillways. Design of farm ponds and percolation ponds. Principles of flood control-flood routing. Watershed Management – investigation, planning and implementation – selection of priority areas and water shed work plan, water harvesting and moisture conservation. Land development – leveling, estimation of earth volumes and costing. Wind Erosion process – design for shelter belts and wind brakes and their management. Forest (Conservation) Act. Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing : Basic characteristics of photographic images, interpretation keys, equipment for interpretation, imagery interpretation for land use, geology, soil and forestry. Remote sensing – merits and demerits of conventional and remote sensing approaches. Types of satellite images, fundamentals of satellite image interpretation, techniques of visual and digital interpretations for soil, water and land use management. Use of GIS in planning and development of watersheds, forests including forest cover, water resources etc. Section B Irrigation and Drainage : Sources of water for irrigation. Planning and design of minor irrigation projects. Techniques of measuring soil moisture – laboratory and in situ, Soil-water plant relationships. Water requirement of cropts. Planning conjunctive use of surface and ground water. Measurement of irrigation water, measuring devices – orifices, weirs and flumes. Methods of irrigation – surface, sprinkler and drip, fertigation. Irrigation efficiencies and their estimation. Design and construction of canals, field channels, underground pipelines, head-gates, diversion boxes and structures for road crossing. Occurrence of ground water, hydraulics of wells, types of wells (tube wells and open wells) and their construction. Well development and testing. Pumps-types, selection and installation. Rehabilitation of sick and failed wells. Drainage causes of water logging and salt problem. Methods of drainage – drainage of irrigated and unirrigated lands, design of surface, sub-surface and vertical drainage systems. Improvement and utilization of poor quality water. Reclamation of saline and alkali soils. Economics of irrigation and drainage systems. Use of waste water for irrigation – standards of waste water for sustained irrigation, feasibility and economics. Agricultural Structures : Site selection, design and construction of farmstead – farm house, cattle shed, dairy bam, poultry shed, hog housing, machinery and implement shed, storage structures for food grains, feed and forage. Design and construction of fences and farm roads. Structures for plant environment – green houses, poly houses and shade houses. Common building materials used in construction – timber, brick, stone, tiles, concrete etc. and their properties. Water supply, drainage and sanitation system.

Section A Farm Power and Machinery : Agricultural mechanization and its scope. Sources of farm power – animate and electro-mechanical. Thermodynamics, construction and working of internal combustion engines. Fuel, ignition, lubrication, cooling and governing system of IC engines. Different types of tractors and power tillers. Power transmission, ground drive, power take off (p.t.o.) and control systems. Operation and maintenance of farm machinery for primary and secondary tillage.Traction theory. Sowing transplanting and interculture implements and tools. Plant protection equipment – spraying and dusting. Harvesting, threshing and combining equipment. Machinery for earth moving and land development – methods and cost estimation. Ergonomics of man-machine system. Machinery for horticulture and agro-forestry, feeds and forages. Haulage of agricultural and forest produce. Agro-energy : Energy requirements of agricultural operations and agro-processing. Selection, installation, safety and maintenance of electric motors for agricultural applications. Solar (thermal and photovoltaic), wind and bio-gas energy and their utilization in agriculture. Gasification of biomass for running IC engines and for electric power generation. Energy efficient cooking stoves and alternate cooking fuels. Distribution of electricity for agricultural and agro-industrial applications. Section B Agricultural Process Engineering : Post harvest technology of crops and its scope. Engineering properties of agricultural produces and byproducts. Unit operations – clearing grading, size reduction, densification, concentration, drying/dehydration, evaporation, filtration, freezing and packaging of agricultural produces and by-products. Material handling equipment – belt and screw conveyors, bucket elevators, their capacity and power requirement. Processing of milk and dairy products homogenization, cream separation, pasteurization, sterilization, spray and roller drying, butter making, ice cream, cheese and shrikhand manufacture. Waste and by-product utilization – rice husk, rice bran, sugarcane bagasse, plant residues and coir pith. Instrumentation and computer applications in Agricultural Engineering : Electronic devices and their characteristics – rectifiers, amplifiers, oscillators, multivibrators. Digital circuits – sequential and combinational system. Application of microprocessors in data acquisition and control of agricultural engineering processes – measurement systems for level, flow, strain, force, torque, power, pressure, vacuum and temperature. Computers – introduction, input/output devices, central processing unit, memory devices, operating systems, processors, keyboards and printers. Algorithms, flowchart specification, programme translation and problem analysis in Agricultural Engineering. Multimedia and AudioVisual aids.

VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

PAPER-I

Livestock Production and Management :
Commercial Dairy Farming- Comparison of dairy farming in India with advanced countries. Dairying under fixed farming and as a specialized farming, economic dairy farming, Starting of a dairy farm. Capital and land
requirement, organization of the dairy farm. Procurement of goods; opportunities in dairy farming, factors determining the efficiency of dairy animal, Herd recording, budgeting, cost of milk production; pricing policy;
Personnel Management. Developing Practical and Economic ration for dairy cattle; supply of greens throughout the year, field and fodder requirements of Dairy Farm, Feeding regimes for day and young stock and bulls, heifers and breeding animals, new trends in feeding young and adult stock; Feeding
records.

Commercial meat, egg and wool production : Development of practical and economic rations for sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits and poultry. Supply of greens, fodder, feeding regimens for your and mature stock. New
trends in enhancing production and management. Capital and land requirements and socio-economic concept. Feeding and management of animals under drought, flood and other natural calamities.

Genetics and Animal Breeding : Mitosis and Meiosis; Mendelian inheritance; deviations to Mendelian genetics; Expression of genes; Linkage and crossing over; Sex determination, sex influenced and sex limited characters; Blood groups and polymorphism; Chromosome aberrations; Gene and its structure; DNA as a genetic material; Genetic code and protein synthesis; Recombinant DNA technology, Mutations, types of mutations, methods for detecting mutations and mutation rate.

Population Genetics Applied to Animal Breeding: Quantitative Vs. qualitative traits; Hardy Weinberg Law; Population Vs. individual; Gene and genotypic frequency; Forces changing gene frequency; Random drift and
small populations; Theory of path coefficient; Inbreeding, methods of estimating inbreeding coefficient, systems of inbreeding; Effective population size; Breeding value, estimation of breeding value, dominance and epistatic deviation; partitioning of variation; Genotype X environment correlation and genotype X environment interaction; Role of multiple measurements; Resemblance between relatives.

Breeding Systems : Heritability, repeatability and genetic and phenotypic correlations, their methods of estimation and precision of estimates; Aids to selection and their relative merits; Individual pedigree,
family and within family selection; Progeny testing; Methods of selection; Construction of selection indices and their uses; Comparative evaluation of genetic gains through various selection methods; Indirect selection and
Correlated response; Inbreeding, upgrading, cross-breeding and synthesis of brees; Crossing of inbred lines for commercial production; Selection for general and specific combining ability; Breeding for threshold character.

Paper-II

Health and Hygiene
Histology and Histological Techniques : Stains-Chemical classification of stains used in biological work principles of staining tissues mordants-progressive and regressive stains-differential staining of cytoplasmic and connective tissue elements-Methods of preparation and processing of tissues-celloidin embedding-Freezing microtomy-Microscopy Bright field microscope and electron microscope. Cytology-structure of cell,
organells and inclusions; cell division-cell types-Tissues and their classification-embryonic and adult tissues-Comparative histology of organs:- vascular, Nervous, digestive, respiratory, musculo-skeletal and urogenital
systems-Endocrine glands-Integuments-sense organs.
Embryology : Embryology of vertebrates with special reference to aves and domestic mammals-gametogenesis-fertilization-germ layers-foetal membranes and placentation-types of placenta in domestic mammals Teratology-twin and twinning-organogenesis-germ layer derivative sendodermal, mesodermal and ectodermal derivatives.
Bovine Anatomy-Regional Anatomy : Paranasal sinuses of OXsurface anatomy of salivary glands. Regional anatomy of infraorbital, maxillary, mandibuloalveolar, mental and coronal nerve block-Regional anatomy of paravertebral nerves, pudental nerve, median, ulnar and radial nerves-tibial, fibular and digital nerves-Cranial nerves-structures involved in epidural anaesthesia-superficial lymph nodes-surface anatomy of visceral
organs of thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities-comparative features of locomotor apparatus and their application in the biomechanics of mammalian body.
Anatomy of Fowl : Musculo-skeletal system-functional anatomy in relation to respiration and flying, digestion and egg production. Physiology of blood and its circulation, respiration; excretion, Endocrine glands in health and disease.
Blood constituents : Properties and functions-blood cell formation-Haemoglobin synthesis and chemistry-plasma proteins production, classification and properties; coagulation of blood; Hemorrhagic disorders-anticoagulants-blood groups-Blood volume-Plasma expanders Buffer systems in blood. Biochemical tests and their significance in disease diagnosis.
Circulation : Physiology of heart, cardiac cycle-heart sounds, heart beat, electrocardiograms, Work and efficiency of heart-effect of ions on heart function-metabolism of cardiac muscle, nervous and chemical
regulation of heart, effect of temperature and stress on heart, blood pressure and hypertension, Osmotic regulation arterial pulse, vasomotor regulation of circulation, shock. Coronary and pulmonary circulation, Blood-Brain barrier-Cerebrospinal fluid-circulation in birds.
Respiration : Mechanism of respiration, Transport and exchange of gases-neural control of respiration-chemo receptors-hypoxia respiration in birds.
Excretion: Structure and function of kidney-formation of urine methods of studying renal function-renal regulation of acid-base balance; physiological constituents of urine-renal failure-passive venous congestion Urinary recreation in chicken-Sweat glands and their function. Biochemical tests for urinary dysfunction.
Endocrine glands : Functional disorders, their symptoms and diagnosis. Synthesis of hormones, mechanism and control of secretion hormonal receptors-classification and function.
General knowledge of pharmacology and therapeutics of drugs :
Cellular level of pharmacodynamics and pharmaco-kinetics-Drugs acting on fluids and electrolyte balance-drugs acting on Autonomic nervous system Modern concepts of anaesthesia and dissociative anaesthetics-Autocoids Antimicrobials and principles of chemotherapy in microbial injections-use of hormones in therapeutics-chemotherapy of parasitic infections-Drug and economic persons in the Edible tissues of animals-chemotherapy of Neoplastic diseases.
Veterinary Hygiene with reference to water, air and habitation :
Assessment of pollution of water, air and soil-Importance of climate in animal health-effect of environment on animal function and performance relationship between industrialization and animal agriculture-animal housing requirements for specific categories of domestic animals viz. pregnant cows & sows, milking cows, broiler birds-stress, strain & productivity in relation to animal habitation.

Animal Diseases :Pathogenesis, symptoms, post-mortem lesions, diagnosis and control of infection diseases of cattle, pigs and poultry, horses, sheep and goats. Etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment of production diseases of cattle, pig and poultry. Deficiency diseases of domestic animals and birds. Diagnosis and treatment of nonspecific condition like impaction, Bloat, Diarrhoea, Indigestion, dehydration, stroke, poisoning. Diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders.
Principles and methods of immunization of animals against specific diseases-hard immunity-disease free zones-‘zero’ disease concept chemoprophylaxis.
Anesthesia-local, regional and general-preanesthetic medication, Symptoms and surgical interference in fractures and dislocation, Hernia, choking, abomassal displacement-Caesarian operations, Rumenotomy Castrations.
Disease investigation techniques-Materials for laboratory investigation-Establishment Animal Health Centres-Disease free zone.

Veterinary Public Health
Zoonoses : Classification, definition; role of animals and birds in prevalence and transmission of zoonotic diseases-occupational zoonotic diseases.
Epidemiology : Principles, definition of epidemiological terms, application of epidemiological measures in the study of diseases and disease control, Epidemiological features of air, water and food borne infections.
Veterinary Jurisprudence : Rules and Regulations for improvement of animal quality and prevention of animal diseases-state and control Rules for prevention of animal and animal product borne diseases-S.P. C.A.-
veterolegal cases-certificates-Materials and Methods of collection of samples for veterolegal investigation.

Milk and Milk Products Technology :
Milk Technology : Organization of rural milk procurement, collection and transport of raw milk. Quality, testing and grading raw milk, Quality storage grades of whole milk, Skimmed milk and cream. Processing, packaging, storing, distributing, marketing defects and their control and nutritive properties of the following milks : Pasteurized, standardized, toned, double toned, sterilized, homogenized, reconstituted, recombined and flavoured milks. Preparation of cultured milks, cultures and their management, youghurt, Dahi, Lassi and Srikhand. Preparation of flavoured and sterilized milks. Legal standards, Sanitation requirement for clean and safe milk and for the milk plant equipment.
Milk Products Technology : Selection of raw materials, assembling, production, processing, storing, distributing and marketing milk products such as Butter, Ghee, Khoa, Channa, Cheese; Condensed, evaporated, dried milk and baby food; Ice cream and Kulfi; by products; whey products, butter milk, lactose and casein. Testing Grading, judging milk products-BIS and Agmark specifications, legal standards, quality control nutritive properties, Packaging, processing and operational control Costs.

Meat Hygiene and Technology :
Meat Hygiene : Ante mortem care and management of food animals, stunning, slaughter and dressing operations; abattoir requirements and designs; Meat inspection procedures and judgement of carcass meat cuts-drading of carcass meat cuts-duties and functions of Veterinarians in Wholesome meat production.
Hygienic methods of handling production of meat-spoilage of meat and control measures-Post slaughter physic-chemical changes in meat and factors that influence them-quality improvement methods-Adulteration
of meat and defection-Regulatory provisions in Mead trade and Industry.
Meat Technology
Physical and chemical characteristics of meat-meat emulsions methods of preservation of meat-curing, canning, irradiation, packaging of meat and meat products; meat products and formulations.
Byproducts : Slaughter house by products and their utilization-Edible and inedible by products-social and economic implications of proper utilization of slaughter house byproducts-Organ products for food and
pharmaceuticals.
Poultry Products Technology : Chemical composition and nutritive value of poultry meat, pre slaughter care and management. Slaughtering techniques, inspection, preservation of poultry meat, and products. Legal
and BIS standards. Structure, composition and nutritive value of eggs. Microbial spoilage. Preservation and maintenance. Marketing of poultry meat, eggs and products.
Rabbit/Fur Animal framing : Care and management of rabbit meat production. Disposal and utilization of fur and wool and recycling of waste byproducts.

Extension : Basic philosophy, objectives, concept and principles of extension. Different Methods adopted to educate farmers under rural Generation of technology, its transfer and feedback. Problems of constraints in transfer of technology. Animal husbandry programmes for rural development.

Botany

PAPER-I

Microbiology and Plant Pathology : Viruses, bacteria and plasmidsstructure and reproduction. General account of infection, Phyto immunology. Applications of microbiology in agriculture, industry, medicine and pollution control in air, soil and water. Important plant diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi
and nematodes. Mode of infection and dissemination. Molecular basis of infection and disease resistance/defence, Physiology of parasitism and control measures and Fungal toxins.

Cryptogams : Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes-structure and reproduction from evolutionary viewpoint. Distribution of Cryptogams in India and their economic potential.
Phanerogams : Gymnosperms : Concept of progymonosperms, Classification and distribution of Gymnosperms. Salient features of Cycadales, Coniferrals and Gnetales, their structures and reproduction.
General account of Cycadofilicales, Bennettitales and Cordaitales.
Angiosperms : Systematics, anatomy, embryology, palynology and phylogeny. Comparative account of various systems of Angiosperm Classification. Study of angiospermic families-Magnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceai, Dipterocarpaceae, Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), Asclepiadaceae, Verbenaceae, Solanaceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae (Composite), Poaceae (Gramineae), Arecaceae (Palmae), Liliaceae, Musaceae, Orchidaceae. Stomata and their types. Anomalous secondary growth, Anatomy of C3 and C4 plants. Development of male and female gametophytes, pollination, fertilization.
Endosperm-its development and function. Patterns of embryo development. Polyembryony, apoxmix, Applications of palynology.

Plant Utility and Exploitation : Origin of cultivated plants, Vavilov’s centres of origin. Plants as sources for food, fodder, fibres, spices, beverages, drugs, narcotics, insecticides, timber, gums, resins and dyes.
Latex, cellulose Starch and their products. Perfumery. Importance of Ethnobotany in Indian context. Energy plantation. Botanical Gardens and Herbaria.

Morphogenesis : Totipotency, polarity, symmetry and differentiation. Cell, tissue, organ and protoplast culture. Somatic hybrids and Cybrids.

PAPER-II

Cell Biology :Techniques of Cell Biology. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells – structural and ultrastructural details. Structure and function of extra cellular matrix or ECM (cell wall) and membranescell adhesion, membrane
transport and vesicular transport. Structure and function of cell organelles (chloroplasts, mitochondria, ER, ribosome’s, embosoms, lysosomes, peroxisomes, hydrogenosome). Nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear pore complex.
Chromatin and nucleosome.Cell signaling and cell receptors. Signal transduction (G-1 proteins, etc.). Mitosis and meisdosis; molecular basis of cell cycle.Numerical and structural variations in chromosomes and their
significance. Study of polytene, Iampbrush and B-chromosomes-structure, behavious and significance.

Genetics, Molecular Biology and Evolution : Development of genetics and gene versus allele concepts (Pseudoalleles). Quantitative genetics and multiple factors. Linkage and crossing over-methods of gene
mapping including molecular maps (idea of mapping function).Sex chromosomes and sex linked inheritance, six determination and molecular basis of sex differentiation. Mutation (biochemical and molecular basis).
Cytoplasmic inheritance and cytoplasmic genes (including genetics of male sterility). Prions and prion hypothesis. Structure and synthesis of nucleic acids and protines. Genetic code and regulation of gene expression. Multigene families. Organic evolution-evidences, mechanism and theories. Role of RNA in origin
and evolution.

Plant Breeding, Biotechnology and Biostatistics : Methods of plant breeding introduction, selection and hybridization (pedigree, backcross, mass selection, bulk method). Male sterility and heterosis breeding. Use of
apomixis in plant breeding. Micropropagation and genetic engineering methods of transfer of genes and transgenic crops; development and use of molecular markers in plant breeding. Standard deviation and coefficient of variation (CV).Tests of significance (Ztest, t-test and chi-square tests).Probability and distributions (normal, binomial and Poisson distributions).Correlation and regression.

Physiology and Biochemistry : Water relations, Mineral nutrition and ion transport, mineral deficiencies. Photosynthesis-photochemical reactions, photophosphorylation and carbon pathways including C pathway
(photorespiration), C, C and CAM pathways. Respiraion (anaerobic and aerobic, including fermentation-electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Chemiosmotic theory and ATP synthesis. Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen metabolism. Enzymes, coenzymes, energy transfer and energy conservation. Importance of secondary metabolites. Pigments and photoreceptors (plastidial pigments and phytochrome). Photoperiodism and flowering, vernalization, senescene. Growth substances-their chemical nature, role and applications in agri-horticulture, growth indices, growth movements. Stress physiology (heat, water, salinity, metal). Fruit and seed physiology. Dormancy, storage and germination of seed. Fruit ripening – its molecular basis and manipulation.

Ecology and Plant Geography : Ecological factors. Concepts and dynamics of community. Plant succession. Concepts of biosphere. Ecosystems and their conservation. Pollution and its control (including phytoremediation).

Forest types of India – afforestation, deforestation and social forestry. Endangered plants, endemism and Red Data Books. Biodiversity. Convention of Biological Diversity, Sovereign Rights and Intellectual Property Rights. Biogeochemical cyeles, Global warming.

Chemistry

PAPER-I

Atomic structure
Quantum theory, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, Schrodinger wave equation (time independent). Interpretation of wave function, particle in one dimensional box, quantum numbers, hydrogen atom wave functions. Shapes of s, p and d orbitals.

Chemical bonding:
Ionic bond, characteristics of ionic compounds, factors affecting stability of ionic compounds, lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle; covalent bond and its general characteristics, polarities of bonds in molecules and their dipole moments. Valence bond theory, concept of resonance and resonance energy. Molecular orbital theory (LCAO method); bonding in homonuclear molecules: H2+, H2 to Ne2, NO, CO, HF, CN, CN-, BeH2 and CO2. Comparison of valence bond and molecular orbital theories, bond order, bond strength and bond length.

Solid State
Forms of solids, law of constancy of interfacial angles, crystal systems and crystal classes (crystallographic groups). Designation of crystal faces, lattice structures and unit cell. Laws of rational indices. Bragg’s law. X-ray
diffraction by crystals. Close packing, radious ratio rules, calculation of some limiting radius ratio values. Structures of NaCI, ZnS, CsCI, CaF2, Cdl2 and rutile. Imperfections in crystals, stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric defects, impurity defects, semi-conductors. Elementary study of liquid crystals.

The gaseous state
Equation of state for real gases, intermolecular interactions, liquification of gases and critical phenomena, Maxwell’s distribution of speeds, intermolecular collisions, collisions on the wall and effusion.

Thermodynamics and statistical thermodynamics: Thermodynamic systems, states and processes, work, heat and internal energy; first law of thermodynamics, work done on the systems and heat absorbed in different types of processes; calorimetry, energy and enthalpy changes in various processes and their temperature dependence.

Second law of thermodynamics; entropy as a state function, entropy changes in various process, entropy-reversibility and irreversibility, Free energy functions; criteria for equilibrium, relation between equilibrium
constant and thermodynamic quantities; Nernst heat theorem and third law of thermodynamics.
Micro and macro states; canonical ensemble and canonical partition function; electronic, rotational and vibrational partition functions and thermodynamic quantities; chemical equilibrium in ideal gas reactions.

Phase equilibria and solutions: Phase equilibria in pure substances; Clausius-Clapeyron equation; phase
diagram for a pure substance; phase equilibria in binary systems, partially miscible liquids-upper and lower critical solution temperatures; partial molar quantities, their significance and determination; exces thermodynamic functions and their determination.

Electrochemistry: Debye-Huckel theory of strong electrolytes and Debye-Huckel limiting Law for various equilibrium and transport properties. Galvanic cells, concentration cells; electrochemical series, measurement of e.m.f. of cells and its applications fuel cells and batteries. Processes at electrodes; double layer and the interface; rate of charge transfer current density; overpotential; electroanalytical techniques voltammetry, polarography, amperometry, cyclic-voltammetry, ion selective electrodes and their use.

Chemical kinetics: Concentration dependence of rate of reaction; differential and integral rate equations for zeroth, first, second and fractional order reactions. Rate equations involving reverse, parallel, consecutive and chain reactions; effect of temperature and pressure on rate constant. Study of fast reactions by stop-flow and relaxation methods. Collisions and transition state theories.

Photochemistry: Absorption of light; decay of excited state by different routes; photochemical
reactions between hydrogen and halogens and their quantum yields.

Surface phenomena and catalysis: Adsorption from gages and solutions on solid adsorbents, adsorption
isotherms-Langmuir and B.E.T. isotherms; determination of surface area, characteristics and mechanism of reaction on heterogeneous catalysts.

Bio-inorganic chemistry: Metal ions in biological systems and their role in ion-transport across the
membranes (molecular mechanism), ionophores, photosynthesis-PSI, PSII; nitrogen fixation, oxygen-uptake proteins, cytochromes and ferredoxins.

Coordination chemistry: (a) Electronic configurations; introduction to theories of bonding in transition metal complexes. Valence bond theory, crystal field theory and its modifications; applications of theories in the explanation of magnetism and electronic spectra of metal complexes.

(b) Isomerism in coordination compounds: IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds; stereochemistry of complexes with 4 and 6 coordination numbers; chelate effect and polynuclear complexes; trans effect
and its theories; kinetics of substitution reactions in square-planer complexes; thermodynamic and kinetic stability of complexes.

(c) Synthesis and structures of metal carbonyls; carboxylate anions, carbonyl hydrides and metal nitrosyl compounds.

(d) Complexes with aromatic systems, synthesis, structure and bonding in metal olefin complexes, alkyne complexes and cyclopentadienyl complexes; coordinative unsaturation, oxidative addition reactions, insertion
reactions, fluxional molecules and the characterization. Compounds with metal-metal bonds and metal atom clusters.

General chemistry of ‘f’ block elements Lanthanides and actinides; separation, oxidation states, magnetic and
spectral properties; lanthanide contraction. Non-Aqueous Solvents Reactions in liquid NH3, HF, SO2 and H2SO4. Failure of solvent system concept, coordination model of non-aqueous solvents. Some highly acidic
media, fluoro-sulphuric acid and super acids.

PAPER-II

Delocalised covalent bonding :Aromaticity, anti-aromaticity; annulenes, azulenes, tropolones, kekulene, fulvenes, sydnones.
(a) Reaction mechanisms : General methods (both kinetic and nonkinetic) of study of mechanism or organic reactions illustrated by examplesuse of isotopes, cross-over experiment, intermediate trapping, stereochemistry; energy diagrams of simple organic reactions-transition states and intermediates; energy of activation; thermodynamic control and kinetic control of reactions.
(b) Reactive intermediates : Generation, geometry, stability and reactions of carbonium and carbanium ions, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, benzynes and niternes.
(c) Substitution reactions : SN1, SN2, SNi, SN1’, SN2’, SNi’ and SRN1 mechanisms; neighbouring group participation; electrophilic and nucleophilic reactions of aromatic compound including simple heterocyclic
compounds-pyrrole, thiophene, indole.
(d) Elimination reactions : E1, E2 and E1cb mechanisms; orientation in E2 reactions-Saytzeff and Hoffmann; pyrolyticsyn elimination-acetate pyrolysis, Chugaev and Cope eliminations.
(e) Addition reactions : Electrophilic addition to C=C and C=C; nucleophilic addition to C=O, C=N, conjugated olefins and carbonyls.
(f) Rearrangements : Pinacol-pinacolune, Hoffmann, Beckmann, BaeyerVilliger, Favorskii, Fries, Claisen, Cope, Stevens and Wagner-Meerwein rearrangements.

Pericyclicreactions : Classification and examples; Woodward Hoffmann rules-clectrocyclic reactions, cycloaddition reactions [2+2 and 4+2] and sigmatropic shifts [1, 3, 3, 3 and 1, 5] FMO approach.

Chemistry and mechanism of reactions : Aldol condensation (including directed aldol condensation), Claisen condensation, Dieckmann, Perkin, Knoevenagel, Witting, Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner, Cannizzaro and von Richter reactions; Stobbe, benzoin and acyloin condensations; Fischer indole synthesis, Skraup synthesis, Bischler-Napieralski, Sandmeyer, Reimer-Tiemann and Reformatsky reactions.

Polymeric Systems
(a) Physical chemistry of polymers : Polymer solutions and their thermodynamic properties; number and weight average molecular weights of polymers. Determination of molecular weights by sedimentation, light
scattering, osmotic pressure, viscosity, end group analysis methods.
(b) Preparation and properties of polymers : Organic polymerspolyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, Teflon, nylon, terylene, synthetic and natural rubber. Inorganic polymers-phosphonitrilic halides, borazines, silicones and silicates.
(c) Biopolymers : Basic bonding in proteins, DNA and RNA.

Synthetic uses of reagents : OsO4, HIO4, CrO3, Pb(OAc)4, SeO2, NBS, B2H6, Na-Liquid NH3, LiA1H4, NaBH4 n-BuLi, MCPBA.

Photochemistry : Photochemical reactions of simple organic compounds, excited and ground states, singlet and triplet states, Norrishtype I and Type II reactions.

Principles of spectroscopy and applications in structure
elucidation
(a) Rotational spectra-diatomic molecules; isotopic substitution and
rotational constants.
(b) Vibrational spectra-diatomic molecules, linear triatomic molecules, specific frequencies of functional groups in polyatomic molecules.
(c) Electronic spectra : Singlet and triplet states. N-transitions; application to conjugated double bonds and conjugated carbonyls-Woodward-Fieser rules.
(d) Nuclear magnetic resonance : Isochronous and anisochronous protons; chemical shift and coupling constants; Application of H1 NMR to simple organic molecules.
(e) Mass spectra : Parent peak, base peak, daughter peak, metastable peak, fragmentation of simple organic molecules;- cleavage, McLafferty rearrangement.
(f) Electron spin resonance : Inorganic complexes and free radicals.

Chemical Engineering

PAPER-I

Section A
(a) Fluid and Particle Dynamics
Viscosity of fluids.Laminar and turbulent flows.Equation of continuity and Navier-Stokes equition-Bernoulli’s theorem. Flow meters. Fluid drag and pressure drop due to friction, Reynold’s Number and friction factor – effect of pipe roughness. Economic pipe diameter. Pumps, water air/steam jet ejectors, compressors, blowers and fans. Agitation and mixing of liquids. Mixing of solids and pastes.
Crushing and Grinding – principles and equipment. Rittinger’s and Bond’s laws. Filtration and filtration equipment. Fluid-particle mechanics – free and hindered settling. Fluidisation and minimum fluidization velocity, concepts of compressible and incompressible flow. Transport of Solids.
(b) Mass Transfer: Molecular diffusion coefficients, First and second law and diffusion, mass transfer coefficients, film and penetration theories of mass transfer. Distillation, simple distillation, relative volatility, fractional distillation, plate and packed columns for distillation, Calculation of theoretical number of
plates. Liquid-liquid equilibria. Extraction – theory and practice; Design of gas-absorption columns. Drying. Humidification, dehumidification. Crystallisation. Design of equipment.
(c) Heat transfer Conduction, thermal conductivity, extended surface heat transfer. Convection – free and forced. Heat transfer coefficients – Nusselt Number. LMTD and effectiveness. NTU methods for the design of Double Pipe and Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers. Analogy between heat and momentum transfer. Boiling and condensation heat transfer. Single and multiple-effect evaporators. Rediation – Stefan-Boltzman Law, emissivity and absorptivity. Calculation of heat load of a furnace. Solar heaters.

Section B
Noval Separation Processes
Equilibrium separation processes – ion-exchange, osmosis, electro-dialysis, reverse osmosis, ultra-filtration and other membrane processes. Molecular distillation. Super critical fluid extraction.
Process Equipment Design:
Factors affecting vessel design criteria – Cost considerations. Design of storage vessels-vertical, horizontal spherical, underground tank for atmospheric and higher pressure. Design of closures flat and elliptical head.
Design of supports. Materials of construction-characteristics and selection.
Process Dynamics and Control
Measuring instruments for process variables like level, pressure, flow, temperature pH and concentration with indication in visual/pneumatic/analog/digital signal forms. Control variable, manipulative variable and load variables. Linear control theory-Laplace, transforms. PID controllers. Block diagram representation transient and frequency response, stability of closed loop system. Advanced control strategies. Computer based
process control.

Paper-II

Section-A
Material and Energy Balances
Material and energy balance calculations in processes with recycle/bypass/purge. Combustion of solid/liquid/gaseous fuels, stoichiometric relationships and excess air requirements. Adiabatic flame temperature.
Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics
Laws of thermodynamics.PVT relationships for pure components and mixtures. Energy functions and inter-relationships – Maxwell’s relations. Fugacity, activity and chemical potential. Vapour-liquid equilibria, for
ideal/non-ideal, single and multi component systems. Criteria for chemical reaction equilibrium, equilibrium constant and equilibrium conversions. Thermodynamic cycles – refrigeration and power.
Chemical reaction Engineering :
Batch reactors – kinetics of homogeneous reactions and interpretation of kinetic data. Ideal flow reactors –CSTR, plug flow reactors and their performance equations. Temperature effects and run-away reactions.
Heterogeneous reactions – catalytic and non-catalytic and gas-solid and gasliquid reactions. Intrinsic kinetics and global rate concept. Importance of interphase and intraparticle mass transfer on performance. Effectiveness factor, Isothermal and non-isothermal reactors and reactor stability.

Section B
Chemical Technology
Natural organic products – Wood and wood-based chemicals, pulp and paper, Agro industries – sugar, Edible oils extraction (including tree based seeds), Soaps and detergents. Essential oils – Biomass gasification
(including biogas).Coal and coal chemical. Petroleum and Natural gasPetroleum refining (Atomospheric distillation/cracking/reforming)
Petrochemical industries – Polyethylenes (LDPE/HDPE/LLDPE), Polyvinyl Chloride, Polystyrene. Ammonia manufacture. Cement and lime industries. Paints and varnishes. Glass and ceremics. Fermentation – alcohol and
antibiotics.
Environmental Engineering and Safety: Ecology and Environment. Sources of pollutants in air and water. Green house effect, ozone layer depletion, acid rain. Micrometeorology and dispersion of pollutants in environment. Measurement techniques of pollutant levels and their control strategies. Solid wastes, their hazards and their disposal techniques. Design and performance analysis of pollution control equipment. Fire and explosion hazards rating – HAZOP and HAZAN. Emergency planning, disaster management. Environmental legislations – water, air environment protection Acts. Forest (Conservation) Act.
Process Engineering Economics : Fixed and working capital requirement for a process industry and estimation
methods. Cost estimation and comparison of alternatives. Net present value by discounted cash flow. Pay back analysis. IRR, Depreciation, taxes and insurance. Break-even point analysis. Project scheduling – PERT and CPM.
Profit and loss account, balance sheet and financial statement. Plant location and plant layout including piping.

Civil Engineering

PAPER-I
Part-A :
ENGINEERING MECHANICS, STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS.
ENGINEERING MACHANICS : Units and Dimensions, SI Units, Vectors, Concept of Force, Concept of
particle and rigid body. Concurrent, Non Concurrent and parallel forces in a plane, moment of force and Varignon’s theorem, free body diagram, conditions of equilibrium, Principle of virtual work, equivalent force system. First and Second Moment of area, Mass moment of Inertia. Static Friction, Inclined Plane and bearings.
Kinematics and Kinetics : Kinematics in Cartesian and Polar Co-ordinates, motion under uniForm and nonuniForm acceleration, motion under gravity. Kinetics of particle : Momentum and Energy principles, D’ Alembert’s Principle, Collision of elastic bodies, rotation of rigid bodies, simple harmonic motion, Flywheel.
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS :
Simple Stress and Strain, Elastic constants, axially loaded compression members, Shear force and bending moment, theory of simple bending, Shear Stress distribution across cross sections, Beams of uniform strength,
Leaf spring. Strain Energy in direct stress, bending & shear. Deflection of beams : Mecaulay’s method, Mohr’s Moment area method, Conjugate beam method, unit load method. Torsion of Shafts, Transmission of power, close coiled helical springs, Elastic stability of columns, Euler’s Rankine’s and Secant formulae. Principal Stresses and Strains in two dimensions, Mohr’s Circle, Theories of Elastic Failure, Thin and Thick cylinder : Stresses due to internal and external pressure-Lame’s equations.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS :
Castiglianio’s theorems I and II, unit load method, method of consistent deformation applied to beams and pin jointed trusses. Slope-deflection, moment distribution, Kani’s method of analysis and column Analogy method
applied to indeterminate beams and rigid frames.
Rolling loads and Influences lines : Influences line for Shear Force and Bending moment at a section of a beam. Criteria for maximum shear force and bending Moment in beams traversed by a system of moving loads. Influences line for simply supported plane pin jointed trusses.
Arches : Three hinged, two hinged and fixed arches, rib shortening and temperature effects, influence lines in arches.
Matrix methods of analysis : Force method and displacement method of analysis of indeterminate beams and rigid frames.
Plastic Analysis of beams and frames : Theory of plastic bending, plastic analysis, statical method, Mechanism method. Unsymmetrical bending : Moment of inertia, product of inertia, position of Neutral Axis and Principle
axes, calculation of bending stresses.
Part-B
DESIGN OF STRUCTURES : STEEL, CONCRETE AND MASONRY STRUCTURES.
STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN :
Structural Steel : Factors of safety and load factors. Rivetted, bolted and welded joints and connections. Design of tension and compression members, beams of built up section, riveted and welded plate girders, gantry
girders, stancheons with battens and lacings, slab and gussested column bases.
Design of highway and railway bridges : Through and deck type plate girder, Warren girder, Pratt truss.
DESIGN OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY STRUCTURES :
Concept of mix design. Reinforced Concrete : Working Stress and Limit State method of design Recommendations of I.S. codes design of one way and two way slabs, stair-case slabs, simple and continuous beams of rectangular, T and L sections. Compression members under direct load with or without
eccentricity, Isolated and combined footings. Cantilever and Counterfort type retaining walls.
Water tanks : Design requirements for Rectangular and circular tanks resting on ground.
Prestressed concrete : Methods and systems of prestressing, anchorages, Analysis and design of sections for flexure based on working stress, loss of prestress. Design of brick masonry as per I.S. Codes Design of masonry retaining walls.
Part-C
FLUID MECHANICS, OPEN CHANNEL FLOW AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES
Fluid Mechanics : Fluid properties and their role in fluid motion, fluid statics including forces acting on plane and curve surfaces.
Kinematics and Dynamics of Fluid flow : Velocity and accelerations, stream lines, equation of continuity, irrotational and rotational flow, velocity potential and stream functions, flownet, methods of drawing flownet,
sources and sinks, flow separation, free and forced vortices. Control volume equation, continuity, momentum, energy and moment of momentum equations from control volume equation, Navier-Stokes equation, Euler’s equation of motion, application to fluid flow problems, pipe flow, plane, curved, stationary and moving vanes, sluice gates, weirs, orifice meters and Venturi meters.
Dimensional Analysis and Similitude :
Buckingham’s Pi-theorem, dimensionless parameters, similitude theory, model laws, undistorted and distorted models.
Laminar Flow : Laminar flow between parallel, stationary and moving plates, flow through tube.
Boundary layer : Laminar and turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate, laminar sublayer, smooth and rough boundaries, drag and lift.
Turbulent flow through pipes : Characteristics of turbulent flow, velocity distribution and variation of pipe friction factor, hydraulic grade line and total energy line, siphons, expansion and contractions in pipes, pipe
networks, water hammer in pipes and surge tanks.
Open channel flow : UniForm and nonuniForm flows, momentum and energy correction factors, specific energy and specific force, critical depth, resistance equations and variation of roughness coefficient, rapidly varied flow, flow in contractions, flow at sudden drop, hydraulic jump and its applications surges and waves, gradually varied flow, classification of surface profiles, control section, step method of integration of varied flow equation, moving surges and hydraulic bore.

HYDRAULIC MACHINES AND HYDROPOWER :
Centrifugal pumps-Types, characteristics, Net Positive Suction Height (NPSH), specific speed. Pumps in parallel. Reciprocating pumps, Airvessels, Hydraulic ram, efficiency parameters, Rotary and positive displacement pumps, diaphragm and jet pumps. Hydraulic turbines, types classification, Choice of turbines, performance parameters, controls, characteristics, specific speed. Principles of hydropower development. Type, layouts and Component works. Surge tanks, types and choice. Flow duration curves and dependable flow.
Storage an pondage. Pumped storage plants. Special features of mini, micro-hydel plants.
Part-D
GEO TECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Types of soil, phase relationships, consistency limits particles size distribution, classifications of soil, structure and clay mineralogy. Capillary water and structural water, effective stress and pore water pressure, Darcy’s Law, factors affecting permeability, determination of permeability, permeability of stratified soil deposits.
Seepage pressure, quick sand condition, compressibility and consolidation, Terzaghi’s theory of one dimensional consolidation, consolidation test. Compaction of soil, field control of compaction. Total stress and effective stress parameters, pore pressure coefficients.
Shear strength of soils, Mohr Coulomb failure theory, Shear tests. Earth pressure at rest, acive and passive pressures, Rankine’s theory, Coulomb’s wedge theory, earth pressure on retaining wall, sheetpile walls, Braced excavation. Bearing capacity, Terzaghi and other important theories, net and gross bearing pressure.
Immediate and consolidation settlement. Stability of slope, Total Stress and Effective Stress methods, Conventional methods of slices, stability number. Subsurface exploration, methods of boring, sampling, penetration tests, pressure meter tests.
Essential features of foundation, types of foundation, design criteria, choice of type of foundation, stress distribution in soils, Boussinessq’s theory, Newmarks’s chart, pressure bulb, contact pressure, applicability of different bearing capacity theories, evaluation of bearing capacity from field tests, allowable bearing capacity, Settlement analysis, allowable settlement.
Proportioning of footing, isolated and combined footings, rafts, buoyancy rafts, Pile foundation, types of piles, pile capacity, static and dynamic analysis, design of pile groups, pile load test, settlement of piles, lateral
capacity. Foundation for Bridges. Ground improvement techniques preloading, sand drains, stone column, grouting, soil stabilization.

PAPER-II
Part-A
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY, EQUIPMENT, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Construction Technology : Engineering Materials : Physical properties of construction materials : Stones, Bricks and Tiles; Lime, Cement and Surkhi Mortars; Lime Concrete and Cement Contrete, Properties of freshly mixed and hardened concrete, Flooring Tiles, use of ferrocement, fibre-reinforced and polymer concrete, high strength concrete and light weight concrete. Timber : Properties and uses; defects in timber; seasoning and preservation of timber. Plastics, rubber and damp-proofing materials, termite proofing, Materials, for Low cost housing.
Construction :
Building components and their functions; Brick masonry : Bonds, jointing. Stone masonry. Design of Brick masonry walls as per I.S. codes, factors of safety, serviceability and strength requirements; plastering, pointing. Types of Floors and Roofs. Ventilators, Repairs in buildings.
Functional planning of building : Building orientation, circulation, grouping of areas, privacy concept and design of energy efficient building; provisions of National Building Code. Building estimates and specifications; Cost of works; valuation.

Construction Equipment : Standard and special types of equipment, Preventive maintenance and
repair factors affecting the selection of equipment, economical life, time and motion study, capital and maintenance cost.
Concreting equipment’s : Weigh batcher, mixer, vibration, batching plant, Concrete pump. Earth-work equipment : Power shovel hoe, bulldozer, dumper, trailors and tractors, rollers, sheep foot roller.

Construction Planning and Management :Construction activity, schedules, job layout, bar charts, organization of contracting firms, project control and supervision. Cost reduction measures.
New-work analysis : CPM and PERT analysis, Float Times, cashing of activities, contraction of network for cost optimization, up-dating, Cost analysis and resource allocation.
Elements of Engineering Economics, methods of appraisal, present worth, annual cost, benefit-cost, incremental analysis. Economy of scale and size. Choosing between alternatives including levels of investments. Project profitability.
Part-B
SURVEY AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Survey : Common methods of distance and angle measurements, plane table survey, levelling traverse survey, triangulation survey, corrections and adjustments, contouring, topographical map. Surveying instruments for
above purposes. Tacheometry. Circular and transition curves. Principles of photogrammetry.
Railways : Permanent way, sleepers, rail fastenings, ballast, points and crossings, design of turn outs, stations and yards, turntables, signals and interlocking, level crossing.

Construction and maintenance of permanentways : Superelevation, creep of rail, ruling gradient, track resistance, tractive effort, relaying of track.
Highway Engineering : Principles of highway planning, Highway alignments. Geometrical design : Cross section, camber, superelevation, horizontal and vertical curves. Classification of roads : low cost roads,
flexible pavements, rigid pavements. Design of pavements and their construction, evaluation of pavement failure and strengthening.
Drainage of roads : Surface and sub-surface drainage.
Traffic Engineering : Forecasting techniques, origin and destination survey, highway capacity. Channelized and unchanneled intersections, rotary design elements, markings, sign, signals, street lighting: Traffic surveys.
Principle of highway financing.
Part-C
HYDROLOGY, WATER RESOURCES AND ENGINEERING :
Hydrology : Hydrological cycle, precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, depression storage, infiltration, overland flow, hydrograph, flood frequency analysis, flood estimation, flood routing through a reservoir, channel flow routing-Muskingam method.
Ground water flow : Specific yield, storage coefficient, coefficient of permeability, confined and unconfined aquifers, aquitards, radial flow into a well under confined and unconfined conditions, tube wells, pumping and
recuperation tests, ground water potential.
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING : Ground and surface water resource, single and multipurpose projects, storage capacity of reservoirs, reservoir losses, reservoir sedimentation, economics of water resources projects.
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING : Water requirements of crops : consumptive use, quality of water for irrigation, duty and delta, irrigation methods and their efficiencies.
Canals : Distribution systems for canal irrigation, canal capacity, canal losses, alignment of main and distributory canals, most efficient section, lined canals, their design, regime theory, critical shear stress, bed load, local and suspended load transport, cost analysis of lined and unlined canals, drainage behind lining.
Water logging : causes and control, drainage system design, salinity.
Canal structures : Design of cross regulators, head regulators, canal falls, aqueducts, metering flumes and canal outlets.

Diversion head work : Principles and design of weirs of permeable and impermeable foundation, Khosla’s theory, energy dissipation, stilling basin, sediment excluders.
Storage works : Types of dams, design, principles of rigid gravity and earth dams, stability analysis, foundation treatment, joints and galleries, control of seepage.
Spillways : Spillway types, crest gates, energy dissipation.
River training : Objectives of river training, methods of river training.
Part-D
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Water Supply : Estimation of surface and subsurface water resources, predicting demand for water, impurities, of water and their significance, physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis, waterborne diseases,
standards for potable water.
Intake of water : pumping and gravity schemes. Water treatment : principles of coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation; slow-; rapid-, pressure-, filters; chlorination, softening, removal of taste, odour and salinity.
Water storage and distribution : storage and balancing reservoirs : types, location and capacity. Distribution system : layout, hydraulics of pipe lines, pipe fittings, valves including check and pressure reducing valves, meters, analysis of distribution systems, leak detection, maintenance of distribution systems, pumping stations and their operations.
Sewage systems : Domestic and industrial wastes, storm sewage-separate and combined systems, flow through sewers, design of sewers, sewer appurtenances, manholes, inlets, junctions, siphon. Plumbing in public
buildings.
Sewage characterization : BOD, COD, solids, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen and TOC. Standards of disposal in normal water course and on land.
Sewage treatment : Working principles, units, chambers, sedimentation tanks, trickling filters, oxidation ponds, activated sludge process, septic tank, disposal of sludge, recycling of waste water.
Solid waste : collection and disposal in rural and urban contexts, management of long-term ill-effects.
Environmental pollution : Sustainable development. Radioactive wastes and disposal. Environmental impact assessment for thermal power plants, mines, river valley projects. Air pollution. Pollution control acts.

OPSC OAS SYLLABUS

FORESTRY

PAPER-I
Section-A

Silviculture – General :
General Silvicultural Principles : ecological and physiological factors influencing vegetation, natural and artificial regeneration of forests; methods of propagation, grafting techniques; site factors; nursery and planting techniques-nursery beds, polybags and maintenance, water budgeting, grading and hardening of seedlings; special approaches; establishment and tending.

Silviculture – Mangrove and Cold desert :
Mangrove :habitat and characteristics, mangrove, plantation-establishment and rehabilitation of degraded mangrove formations; silvicultural systems for mangrove; protection of habitats against natural disasters.
Cold desert – Characteristics, identification and management of species.

Silviculture of trees :
Traditional and recent advanes in tropical silvicultural research and practices. Silviculture of some of the economically important species in India such as Acaciacatechu, Acacia nilotica, Acacia auriculiformis,
Albizzialebbeck, Albizziaprocera, Anthocephalus Cadamba, Anogeissus latifolia, Azadirachta indica, Bamboo spp, Butea monosperma, Cassia siamea, Casuarina equisetifolia, Cedrus deodara, Chukrasia tabularis,
Dalbergia sisoo, Dipterocarpus spp., Emblica officindils, Eucalyptus spp, Gmelina Arborea, Hardwickia binate, Largerstroemia Lanceolata, Pinus roxburghi, Populus spp, Pterocarpus marsupium, Prosopis juliflora,
Santalum album, Semecarpusanacardium, Shorearobusta, Salmalia malabaricum, Tectona grandis, Terminalis tomemtosa, Tamarindus indica.
Section-B

Agroforestry, Social Forestry, Joint Forest Management and Tribology :
Agroforestry – scope and necessity; role in the life of people and domestic animals and in integrated land use, planning especially related to (i) soil and water conservation; (ii) water recharge; (iii) nutrient availability to crops; (iv) nature and ecosystem preservation including ecological blances through pest-predator relationships and (v) providing opportunities for enhancing bio-diversity, medicinal and other flora and fauna. Agro forestry systems under different agro-ecological sones; selection of species and role of multipurpose trees and NTFPs, techniques, food, fodder and fuel security. Research and Extension needs.
Social/Urban Forestry : objectives, scope and necessity; peoples participation.
JFM – principles, objectives, methodology, scope, benefits and role of NGOs.
Tribology – tribal scene in India; tribes, concept of races, principles of social grouping, stages of tribal economy, education, cultural tradition, customs, ethos and participation in forestry programmes.

Forest Soils, Soil Conservation and Watershed management :
Forests Soils : classification, factors affecting soil formation; physical, chemical and biological properties.
Soil conservation – definition, causes for erosion; types – wind and water erosion; conservation and management of eroded soils/areas, wind breaks, shelter belts; sand dunes; reclamation of saline and alkaline soils, water logged and other waste lands. Role of forests in conserving soils. Maintenance and build up of soil organic matter, provision of loppings for green leaf manuring; forest leaf litter and composting; Role of
microorganisms in ameliorating soils; N and C cycles, VAM.
Watershed Management – concepts of watershed; role of mini-forests and forest trees in overall resource management, forest hydrology, watershed development in respect of torrent control river channel stabilization,
avalanche and landslide controls, rehabilitation of degraded areas; hilly and mountain areas; watershed management and environmental functions of forests; water-harvesting and conservation; ground water recharge and watershed management; role of integrating forest trees, horticultural crops, field crops, grass and fodders.

Environmental Conservation and Biodiversity:
Environment : components and importance, principles of conservation, impact of deforestation; forest fires and various human activities like mining, construction and developmental projects, population growth on
environment.
Pollution – types, global warming, green house effects, ozone layer depletion, acid rain, impact and control measures, environmental monitoring; concept of sustainable development. Role of trees and forests in
environmental conservation; control and prevention of air, water and noise pollution. Environmental policy and legislation in India. Environmental Impact Assessment. Economics assessment of watershed development vis-àvis ecological and environmental protection.

Tree Improvement and Seed Technology :
General concept of tree improvement, methods and techniques, variation and its use, provenance, seed source, exotics; quantitative aspects of forest tree improvement, seed production and seed orchards, progeny tests, use of tree improvement in natural forest and stand improvement, genetic testing programming, selection and breeding for resistance to diseases, insects and adverse environment; the genetic base, forest genetic resources and gene conservation in situ and ex-situ. Cost benefit ratio, economic evaluation.

PAPER-II
Section A

Forest Management and Management Systems : Objective and principles; techniques; stand structure and dynamics, sustained yield relation; rotation, normal forest, growing stock; regulation of yield; management of forest plantations, commercial forests, forest cover monitoring. Approaches viz., (i) site-specific planning, (ii) strategic planning, (iii) Approval, sanction and expenditure, (iv) Monitoring (v) Reporting and governance. Details of steps involved such as formation of Village Forest Committees, Joint Forest Participatory Management.

Forest Working Plan :
Forest planning, evaluation and monitoring tools and approaches for integrated planning; multipurpose development of forest resources and forest industries development; working plans and working schemes, their
role in nature conservation, bio-diversity and other dimensions; preparation and control. Divisional Working Plans, Annual Plan of Operations.

Forest Mensuration and Remote Sensing :
Methods of measuring – diameter, girth, height and volume of trees; formfactor; volume estimation of stand, current annual increment; mean annual increment. Sampling methods and sample plots. Yield calculation; yield and stand tables, forest cover monitoring through remove sensing; Geographic Information Systems for management and modelling.

Surveying and Forest Engineering :
Forest surveying – different methods of surveying, maps and map reading. Basic principles of forest engineering. Building materials and construction. Roads and Bridges; General principles, objects, types, simple design and construction of timber bridges.
Section B

Forest Ecology and Ethnobotany :
Forest ecology – Biotic and abiotic components, forest eco-systems; forest community concepts; vegetation concepts, ecological succession and climax, primary productivity, nutrient cycling and water relations; physiology in stress environments (drought, water logging salinity and alkalinity). Forest types in India, identification of species, composition and associations; dendrology, taxonomic classification, principles and establishment of herbaria and arboreta. Conservation of forest ecosystems. Clonal parks, Role of Ethnobotany in India Systems of Medicine.

Ayurveda and Unani –Introduction, nomenclature, habitat, distribution and botanical features of
medicinal and aromatic plants. Factors effecting action and toxicity of drug plants and their chemical constituents.

Forest Resources and Utilization :Environmentally sound forest harvesting practices; logging and extraction
techniques and principles, transportation system, storage and sale; NonTimber Forest Products (NTFPs) definition and scope; gums, resins, oleoresins, fibres, oil seeds nuts, rubber, canes, bamboos, medicinal plants,
charcoal, lac and shellac, Katha and Bidi leaves, collection; processing and disposal. Need and importance of wood seasoning and preservation; general principles of seasoning, air and kiln seasoning, solar dehumidification, steam heated and electrical kilns.

Composite wood; adhesives-manufacture, properties, uses, plywood manufacture-properties, uses, fibre boards-manufacture properties, uses; particle boards manufacture; properties uses. Present status of composite wood industry in India in future expansion plans. Pulppaper and rayon; present position of supply of raw material to industry, wood substitution, utilization of plantation wood; problems and possibilities.
Anatomical structure of wood, defects and abnormalities of wood, timber identification – general principles.

Forest Protection & Wildlife Biology : Injuries to forest – abiotic and biotic, destructive agencies, insect-pests and disease, effects of air pollution on forests and forest die back. Susceptibility of forests to damage, nature of damage, cause, prevention, protective measures and benefits due to chemical and biological control. General forest protection against fire, equipment and methods, controlled use of fire, economic and environmental costs; timber salvage operations after natural disasters. Role of afforestation and forest regeneration in absorption of CO2. Rotational and controlled grazing, different methods of control against
grazing and browsing animals; effect of wild animals on forest regeneration, human impacts; encroachment, poaching, grazing, live fencing, theft, shifting cultivation and control.

Forest Economics and Legislation :
Forest economics: fundamental principles, cost-benefit analyses; estimation of demand and supply; analysis of trends in the national and international market and changes in production and consumption patterns; assessment and projection of market structures; role of private sector and co-operatives; role of corporate financing. Socio-economic analyses of forest productivity and attitudes; valuation of forest goods and service.
Legislation-History of forest development; Indian Forest Policy of 1894, 1952 and 1990. National Forest Policy, 1988 of People’s involvement, Joint Forest Management, Involvement of women; Forestry Policies and issues related to land use, timber and non-timber products, sustainable forest management; industrialization policies; institutional and structural changes. Decentralization and Forestry Public Administration. Forest laws, necessity;
general principles, Indian Forest Act 1927; Forest Conservation Act, 1980; Wildlife Protection Act 1972 and their amendments; Application of Indian Penal Code to Forestry. Scope and objectives of Forest Inventory.

GEOLOGY

PAPER-I
Section-A
General Geology: The Solar System, meteorities, origin and interior of the earth. Radioactivity and age of earth; Volcanoes- causes and products, volcanic belts. Earthquakes-causes, effects, earthquake belts, seismicity of India, intensity and magnitude, seismographs. Island arcs, deep sea trenches and midocean ridges. Continental drift-evidences and mechanics; seafloor spreading, plate tectonics. Isostasy, orogeny and epeirogeny. Continents and oceans.
Geomorphology and Remote Sensing
Basic concepts of geomorphology. Weathering and mass wasting. Landforms, slopes and drainage. Geomorphic cycles and their interpretation. Morphology and its relating to structures and lithology.
Applications of geomorphology in mineral prospecting, civil engineering, hydrology and environmental studies. Geomorphology and Indian subcontinent.
Aerial photographs and their interpretation-merits and limitations. The Electromagnetic Spectrum. Orbiting satellites and sensor systems. Indian Remote Sensing Satellites. Satellites data products. Applications of remote
sensing in geology. The Geographic Information System and its applications. Global Positioning System.
Structural geology
Principles of geologic mapping and map reading, projection diagrams, stress and strain ellipsoid and stress-strain relationships of elastic, plastic and viscous materials. Strain markers in deformed rocks. Behaviour of minerals and rocks under deformation conditions. Folds and faults classification and mechanics. Structural analysis of folds, foliations, lineations, joints and faults, unconformities. Superposed deformation. Time-relationship between crystallization and deformation. Introduction to petrofabrics.
Section-B
Paleontology
Species- definition and nomenclature. Megafossils and Microfossils. Modes of preservation of fossils. Different kinds of microfossils. Application of microfossils in correlation, petroleum exploration, paleoclimatic and
paleoceanographic studies. Morphology, geological history and evolutionary trend in Cephalopoda, Trilobita, Brachiopoda, Echinoidea and Anthozoa. Stratigraphic utility of Ammonoidea, Trilobita and Graptoloidea.
Evolutionary trend in Hominidae, Equidae and Proboscidae. Siwalik fauna. Gondwana flora and its importance.
Stratigraphy and Geology of India
Classification of stratigraphic sequences: lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, chronostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic and their interrelationships. Distribution and classification of Precambrian rocks of India. Study of stratigraphic distribution and lithology of Phanerozoic rocks of India with reference to fauna, flora and economic importance.

Major boundary problems- Cambrian/Precambrian, Permian/Triassic, Cretaceous/Tertiary and Pliocene/Pleistocene. Study of climatic conditions, paleogeography and igneous activity in the Indian subcontinent in the geological past. Tectonic framework of India. Evolution of the Himalayas.
Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology : Hydrologic cycle and genetic classification of water. Movement of subsurface water. Springs.Porosity, permeability, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity and storage coefficient, classification of aquifers. Water-bearing characteristics of rocks. Groundwater chemistry. Salt water intrusion. Types of wells. Drainage basin morphometry. Exploration for groundwater. Groundwater recharge. Problems and management of groundwater. Rainwater harvesting. Engineering properties of rocks. Geological investigations for dams, tunnels and bridges. Rock as construction material. Alkali-aggregate reaction. Landslides-causes, prevention and rehabilitation. Earthquake-resistant structures.
Paper-II
Section-A
Mineralogy: Classification of crystals into systems and classes of symmetry. International system of crystallographic notation. Use of projection diagrams to represent crystal symmetry. Crystal defects. Elements of X-ray crystallography. Petrological microscope and accessories. Optical properties of common rock
forming minerals. Pleochroism, extinction angle, double refraction, birefringence, twinning and dispersion in minerals.
Physical and chemical characters of rock forming slilicate mineral groups. Structural classification of silicates. Common minerals of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Minerals of the carbonate, phosphate, sulphide and
halide groups.
Igneous ad Metamorphic Petrology: Generation and crystallization of magma. Crystallization of albite-anorthite, diopside-anorthite and diopside-wollastonitesilica systems. Reaction principle, Magmatic differentiation and assimilation. Petrogenetic significance of the textures and structures of igneous rocks. Petrography and petrogenesis of granite, syenite, diorite, basic and ultrabasic groups, charnockite, anorthosite and alkaline rocks. Carbonatites. Deccan volcanic province.
Types and agents of metamporphism: Metamporphic grades and zones. Phase rule. Facies of regional and contact metamorphism. ACF and AKF diagrams. Textures and structures of metamporphic rocks. Metamorphism of arenaceous, argillaceous and basic rocks. Minerals assessemblages Retrograde metamorphism. Metasomatism and granitisation, migmatites, Granulite terrains of India.
Sedimentology: Sedimentary rocks: Processes of formation. Diagenesis and lithification. Properties of sediments. Clastic and nonclastic rocks-their classification, petrography and depositional environment. Sedimentary facies and provenance. Sedimentary structures and their significance. Heavy minerals
and their significance. Sedimentary basins of India.
Section-B

Economic Geology: Ore, ore minerals and gangue, tenor of ore, classification of ore deposits. Process of formation of minerals deposits. Controls of ore localization. Ore textures and structures. Metallogenic epochs and provines. Geology of the important Indian deposits of aluminum, chromium, copper, gold, iron, lead zinc, manganese, titanium, uranium and thorium and industrial minerals. Deposits of coal and petroleum in India. National Mineral Policy. Conservation and utilization of mineral resources. Marine mineral resources and Law of Seal.
Mining Geology: Methods of prospecting-geological, geophysical, geochemical and geobotanical. Techniques of sampling. Estimation of reserves or ore. Methods of exploration and mining metallic ores, industrial minerals and marine mineral resources. Mineral beneficiation and ore dressing.
Geochemistry and Environmental Geology: Cosmic abundance of elements. Composition of the planets and meteorites. Structure and composition of earth and distribution of elements. Trace elements. Elements of crystal chemistry-types of chemical bonds, coordination number. Isolmorphism and polymorphism. Elementary
thermodynamics. Natural hazards-floods, landslides, coastal erosion, earthquakes and volcanic activity and mitigation. Environmental impact of urbanization, open cast mining, industrial and radioactive waste disposal,
use of fertilizers, dumping of mine waste and fly-ash. Pollution of ground and surface water, marine pollution Environment protection-legislative measures in India.

Mathematics

Paper-I
Section-A
Linear Algebra: Vector, space, linear dependence and independence, subspaces, bases, dimensions. Finite dimensional vector spaces. Matrices, Cayley-Hamiliton theorem, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, matrix of linear transformation, row and column reduction, Echelon form, equivalence, congruences andm similarity, reduction to canonical form, rank, orthogonal, symmetrical, skew symmetrical, unitary, hermitian, skew-hermitian forms their eigenvalues. Orthogonal and unitary reduction of quadratic and hermitian forms, positive definite quardratic forms.

Calculus
Real numbers, limits, continuity, differentiability, mean-value theorems, Taylor’s theorem with remainders, indeterminate forms, maximas and minima, asymptotes. Functions of several variables: continuity,
differentiability, partial derivatives, maxima and minima, Lagrange’s method of multipliers, Jacobian. Riemann’s definition of definite integrals, indefinite integrals, infinite and improper integrals, beta and gamma functions.
Double and triple integrals (evaluation techniques only).Areas, surface and volumes, centre of gravity.
Analytic Geometry :
Cartesian and polar coordinates in two and three dimensions, second degree equations in two and three dimensions, reduction to canonical forms, straight lines, shortest distance between two skew lines, plane, sphere, cone, cylinder., paraboloid, ellipsoid, hyperboloid of one and two sheets and their properties.
Section-B
Ordinary Differential Equations :
Formulation of differential equations, order and degree, equations of first order and first degree, integrating factor, equations of first order but not of first degree, Clariaut’s equation, singular solution. Higher order linear equations, with constant coefficients, complementary function and particular integral, general solution, Euler-Cauchy equation. Second order linear equations with variable coefficients, determination of complete solution when one solution is known, method of variation of parameters.
Dynamics, Statics and Hydrostatics :
Degree of freedom and constraints, rectilinear motion, simple harmonic motion, motion in a plane, projectiles, constrained motion, work and energy, conservation of energy, motion under impulsive forces, Kepler’s law, orbits under central forces, motion of varying mass, motion under resistance. Equilibrium of a system of particles, work and potential energy, friction, common catenary, principle of vitual work, stability of equilibrium, equilibrium of forces in three dimensions. Pressure of heavy fluids, equilibrium of fluids under given system of forces Bernoulli’s equation, centre of pressure, thrust on curved surfaces, equilibrium of floating bodies, stability of equilibrium, metacenter, pressure of gases.
Vactor Analysis :
Scalar and vector fields, triple, products, differentiation of vector function of a scalar variable, Gradient, divergence and curl in Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates and their physical interpretations. Higher order derivatives, vector identities and vector quations. Application to Geometry: Curves in space, curvature and torision. SerretFrenet’s formulae, Gauss and Stokes’ theorems, Green’s identities.
Paper-II
Section-A
Algebra:
Groups, subgroups, normal subgroups, homomorphism of groups quotient groups basic isomorophism theorems, Sylow’s group, permutation groups, Cayley theorem. Rings and ideals, principal ideal domains, unique factorization domains and Euclidean domains. Field extensions, finite fields.
Real Analysis :
Real number system, ordered sets, bounds, ordered field, real number system as an ordered field with least upper bound property, Cauchy sequence, completeness, Continuity and uniform continuity of functions,
properties of continuous functions on compact sets. Riemann integral, improper integrals, absolute and conditional convergence of series of real and complex terms, rearrangement of series. Uniform convergence,
continuity, differentiability and integrability for sequences and series of functions. Differentiation of fuctions of several variables, change in the order of partial derivatives, implicit function theorem, maxima and minima.
Multiple integrals.
Complex Analysis : Analytic function, Cauchy-Riemann equations, Cauchy’s theorem, Cauchy’s integral formula, power series, Taylor’s series, Laurent’s Series, Singularities, Cauchy’s residue theorem, contour
integration. Conformal mapping, bilinear transformations.
Linear Programming :
Linear programming problems, basic solution, basic feasible solution and optimal solution, graphical method and Simplex method of solutions. Daulity. Transportation and assignment problems. Travelling salesman problems.
Section-B
Partial differential equations :
Curves and surfaces in three dimensions, formulation of partial differential equations, solutions of equations of type dx/p=dy/q=dz/r; orthogonal trajectories, pfaffian differential equations; partial differential equations of
the first order, solution by Cauchy’s method of charactertistics; Charpit’s method of solutions, linear partial differential equations of the second order with constant coefficients, equations of vibrating string, heat equation, laplace equation.
Numerical Analysis and Computer programming:
Numerical methods: Solution of algebraic and transcendental equations of one variable by bisection, Regula-Falsi and Newton-Raphson methods, solution of system of linear equations by Gaussian elimination and GaussJordan (direct) methods, Gauss-Seidel(iterative) method. Newton’s (Forward and backward) and Lagrange’s method of interpolation.
Numerical integration: Simpson’s one-third rule, tranpezodial rule, Gaussian quardrature formula.
Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations: Euler and Runge Kutta-methods.
Computer Programming: Storage of numbers in Computers, bits, bytes and words, binary system, arithmetic and logical operations on numbers. Bitwise operations. AND, OR, XOR, NOT and shift/rotate operators. Octal and Hexadecimal Systems. Conversion to and Form decimal Systems. Representation of unsigned integers, signed integers and reals, double precision reals and long integers. Algorithms and flow charts for solving numerical analysis problems. Developing simple programs in Basic for problems involving techniques covered in the numerical analysis.
Mechanics and Fluid Dynamics :
Generalised coordinates, constraints, holonomic and non-holonomic, systems. D’ Alembert’s principle and Lagrange’ equations, Hamilton equations, moment of intertia, motion of rigid bodies in two dimensions.
Equation of continuity, Euler’s equation of motion for inviscid flow, streamlines, path of a particle, potential flow, two-dimensional and axisymetric motion, sources and sinks, vortex motion, flow past a cylinder and a sphere, method of images. Navier-Stokes equation for a viscous fluid.

Mechanical Engineering

Paper-1

Theory of Machines : Kinematic and dynamic analysis of planar mechanisms. Cams, Gears and gear trains, Flywheels, Governors, Balancing of rigid rotors, Balancing of single and multicylinder engines, Linear vibration analysis of mechanical systems (single degree and two degrees of freedom), Critical speeds and whirling of shafts, Automatic Controls, Belts and chain drives. Hydrodynamic bearings.

Mechanics of Solids :
Stress and strain in two dimensions. Principal stresses and strains, Mohr’s construction, linear elastic materials, isotropy and an isotropy, Stress-strain relations, unlaxial loading, thermal stresses. Beams : Banding moment and shear force diagrams, bending stresses and deflection of beams, Shear stress distribution. Torsion of shafts, helical springs. Combined stresses, Thick and thin walled pressure vessels. Struls and columns, Strain energy concepts and theories of failure. Rotation discs. Shrink fits.

Engineering Materials : Basic concepts on structure of solids, Crystalline materials, Defects in crystalline materials, Alloys and binary phase diagrams, structure and properties of common engineering materials. Heat treatment of steels. Plastics, Ceramics and composite Materials, common applications of various materials.

Manufacturing Science :
Marchant’s force analysis, Taylor’s tool life equation, machinability and machining economics, Rigid, small and flexible automation, NC, CNC. Recent machining methods- EDM, ECM and ultrasonics. Application of lasers and plasmas, analysis of forming processes. High Energy rate forming. Jigs, fixtures, tools and gauges, Inspection of length, position, profile and surface finish.
MANUFACTURING MANAGEMENT :
Production Planning and Control, Forecasting-Moving overage, exponential smoothing, Operations scheduling; assembly line balancing. Product development. Breakeven analysis, Capacity planning. PERT and CPM.
Control Operations : Inventory control-ABC analysis. EOQ model. Materials requirement planning. Job design, job standards, work measurement,
Quality management-Quality control. Operations Research : Linear programming-Graphical and Simplex methods. Transportation and assignment models. Single server queuing model. Value Engineering : Value analysis, for cost/value. Total quality management and forecasting techniques. Project management.

ELEMENTS OF COMPUTATION :
Computer Organization, Flow charting. Features of Common Computer Languages-FORTRAN d Base III, Lotus 1-2-3 C and elementary programming.
PAPER-II

THERMODYNAMICS :
Basic concept. Open and closed systems, Applications of Thermodynamic Laws, Gas equations, Clapeyron equation, Availability, Irreversibility and Tds relations.

I.C. Engines, Fuels and Combustion :
Spark Ignition and compression ignition engines, Four stroke engine and Two stroke engines, mechanical, thermal and volumetric efficiency, Heat balance. Combustion process in S.I. and C.I. engines, preignition detonation in S.I. engine Diesel knock in C.I. engine. Choice of engine fuels, Octance and Cetane retings. Alternate fuels Carburration and Fuel injection, Engine emissions and control. Solid, liquid and gaseous fuels, stoichiometric air requirements and excess air factor, fuel gas analysis, higher and lower calorific values and their measurements.

HEAT TRANSFER, REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING :
One and two dimensional heat conduction. Heat transfer from extended surfaces, heat transfer by forced and free convection. Heat exchangers. Fundamentals for diffusive and connective mass transfer, Radiation laws,
heat exchange between black and non black surfaces, Network Analysis. Heat pump refrigeration cycles and systems, Condensers, evaporators and expansion devices and controls. Properties and choice of refrigerant,
Refrigeration Systems and components, psychometrics, comfort indices, cooling loading calculations, solar refrigeration.

TURBO-MACHINES AND POWER PLANTS :
Continuity, momentum and Energy Equations. Adiabatic and Isentropic flow, fanno lines, Raylegh lines. Theory and design of axial flow turbines and compressors, Flow through turbo-machine balde, cascades, centrifugal
compressor. Dimensional analysis and modelling. Selection of site for steam, hydro, nuclear and stand-by power plants, selection base and peak load power plants Modern High pressure, High duty boilers, Draft and dust removal equipment, Fuel and cooling water systems, heat balance, station and palnt heat rates, operation and maintenance of various power plants, preventive maintenance, economics of power generation.

Physics

Paper-I
Section-A

Classical Mechanics
Particle dynamics :
Centre of mass and laboratory coordinates, conservation of linear and angular momentum. The rocket equation. Rutherford scattering, Galilean transformation, inertial and non-inertial frames, rotating frames, centrifugal and Coriolis forces, Foucault pendulum.
Systems of particles :
Constraints, degrees of freedom, generalized coordinates and momenta. Lagrange’s equation and applications to linear harmonic oscillator, simple pendulum and central force problems. Cyclic coordinates, Hamiltonian
Lagrange’s equation from Hamilton’s principle.
Rigid body dynamics :
Eulerian angles, inertia tensor, principal moments of inertia. Euler’s equation of motion of a rigid body, force free motion of a rigid body. Gyroscope.

Special Relativity, Waves & Geometrical Optics
Special Relativity:
Michelson-Morley experiment and its implications. Lorentz transformations length contraction, time dilation, addition of velocities, aberration and Doppler effect, mass-energy relation, simple applications to a decay process. Minkowski diagram, four dimensional momentum vector. Covariance of equations of physics.
Waves :
Simple harmonic motion, damped oscillation, forced oscillation and resonance. Beats. Stationary waves in a string. Pulses and wave packets. Phase and group velocities. Reflection and Refraction from Huygens’
principle.
Geometrical Optics :
Laws of reflection and refraction from Fermat’s principle. Matrix method in paraxial optic-thin lens formula, nodal planes, system of two thin lenses, chromatic and spherical aberrations.

Physical Optics :
Interference :
Interference of light-Young’s experiment, Newton’s rings, interference by thin films, Michelson interferometer. Multiple beam interference and Fabry-Perot interferometer. Holography and simple applications.
Diffraction:
Fraunhofer diffraction-single slit, double slit, diffraction grating, resolving power Fresnel diffraction: – half-period zones and zones plates. Fresnel integrals. Application of Cornu’s spiral to the analysis of diffraction at a
straight edge and by a long narrow slit. Diffraction by a circular aperture and the Airy pattern.
Polarization and Modern Optics :
Production and detection of linearly and circularly polarized light. Double refraction, quarter wave plate. Optical activity. Principles of fibre optics attenuation; pulse dispersion in step index and parabolic index fibres;
material dispersion, single mode fibres. Lasers-Einstein A and B coefficients. Ruby and He-Ne lasers. Characteristics of laser light-spatial and temporal coherence. Focusing of laser beams. Three-level scheme for laser operation.
Section-B

Electricity and Magnetism:
Electrostatics and Magnetostatics :
Laplace and Poisson equations in electrostatics and their applications. Energy of a system of charges, multiple expansion of scalar potential. Method of images and its applications. Potential and field due to a dipole,
force and torque on a dipole in an external field. Dielectrics, polarization. Solutions to boundary-value problems-conducting and dielectric spheres in a uniform electric field. Magnetic shell, uniformly magnetized sphere. Ferromagnetic materials, hysteresis, energy loss.
Current Electricity:
Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications. Biot-Savart law, Ampere’s law, Faraday’s law, Lenz’ law. Self-and mutual-inductances. Mean and rms values in AC circuits. LR CR and LCR circuits- series and parallel resonance. Quality factor. Principal of transformer.

Electromagnetic Theory & Black Body Radiation:
Electromagnetic Theory:
Displacement current and Maxwell’s equations. Wave equations in vacuum, Pointing theorem. Vector and Scalar potentials. Gauge invariance, Lorentz and Coulomb gauges. Electromagnetic field tensor, covariance of Maxwell’s equations. Wave equations in isotropic dielectrics, reflection and refraction at the boundary of two dielectrics. Fresnel’s relations. Normal and anomalous dispersion. Rayleigh scattering.
Blackbody radiation:
Blackbody radiation and Planck radiation law- Stefan-Boltzmann law, Wien displacement law and Rayleigh-Jeans law. Planck mass, Planck length, Planck time, Planck temperature and Planck energy.

Thermal and Statistical Physics
Thermodynamics:
Laws of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes, entropy. Isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric processes and entropy change. Otto and Diesel engines, Gibb’s phase rule and chemical potential. Van der Waals equation of state of a real gas, critical constants. Maxwell-Boltzman distribution of molecular velocities, transport phenomena, equipartition and virial theorems. Dulong-Petit, Einstein and Debye’s theories of specific heat of solids. Maxwell IIIrelations and applications. Clausius- Clapeyron equation. Adiabatic demagnetization, Joule-Kelvin effect and liquefaction of gases.
Statistical Physics :
Saha ionization formula. Bose-Einstein condensation. Thermodynamic behavior of an ideal Fermi gas, Chandrasekhar limit, elementary ideas about neutron stars and pulsars. Brownian motion as a random walk, diffusion process. Concept of negative temperatures.
Paper-II
Section-A

Quantum Mechanics I : Wave-particle duality. Schroedinger equation and expectation values. Uncertainty principle. Solutions of the one-dimensional Schroedinger equation free particle (Gaussian wave-packet), particle in a box, particle in a finite well, linear harmonic oscillator. Reflection and transmission by a potential step and by a rectangular barrier. Use of WKB formula for the lifetime calculation in the alpha-decay problem.

Quantum Mechanics II & Atomic Physics:
Quantum Mechanics II:
Particle in a three dimensional box, density of states, free electron theory of metals. The angular momentum problem. The hydrogen atom. The spin half problem and properties of Pauli spin matrices.
Atomic Physics :
Stern-Gerlack experiment, electron spin, fine structure of hydrogen atom. LS coupling, J-J coupling. Spectroscopic notation of atomic states. Zeeman effect. Frank-Condon principle and applications.

Molecular Physics:
Elementary theory of rotational, vibrational and electronic spectra of diatomic molecules. Raman effect and molecular structure. Laser Raman spectroscopy Importance of neutral hydrogen atom, molecular hydrogen and molecular hydrogen ion in astronomy Fluorescence and Phosphorescence. Elementary theory and applications of NMR. Elementary ideas about Lamb shift and its significance.

Section-B

Nuclear Physics:
Basic nuclear properties-size, binding energy, angular momentum, parity, magnetic moment. Semi-empirical mass formula and applications. Mass parabolas. Ground state of a deuteron magnetic moment and non-central forces. Meson theory of nuclear forces. Salient features of nuclear forces. Shell model of the nucleus-success and limitations. Violation of parity in beta decay. Gamma decay and internal conversion. Elementary ideas about Mossbauer spectroscopy. Q-value of nuclear reactions. Nuclear fission and fusion, energy production in stars. Nuclear reactors.

Particle Physics & Solid State Physics:
Particle Physics:
Classification of elementary particles and their interactions. Conservation laws. Quark structure of hadrons. Field quanta of electroweak and strong interactions. Elementary ideas about Unification of Forces. Physics of
neutrinos.
Solid-State Physics:
Cubic crystal structure. Band theory of solids- conductors, insulators and semi-conductors. Elements of superconductivity, Meissner effect, Josephson junctions and applications. Elementary ideas about high temperature superconductivity.
Electronics :
Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors-p-n-p and n-p-n transistors. Amplifiers and oscillators. Op-amps. FET, JFET and MOSFET. Digitl electronics-Boolean identities, De; Morgan’s laws, Logic gates and truth tables, Simple logic circuits. Thermistors, solar cells. Fundamentals of microprocessors and digital computers. Statistics
Paper-I
Probability :
Sample space and events, probability measure and probability space, random variable as a measurable function, distribution function of a random variable, discrete and continuous-type random variable probability
mass function, probability density function, vector-valued random variable, marginal and conditional distributions, stochastic independence of events and of random variables, expectation and moments of a random variable, conditional expectation, convergence of a sequence of random variable in distribution, in probability, in p-th mean and almost every-where, their criteria and inter-relations, Borel-Cantelli lemma, Chebyshev’s and Khinchine’s weak laws of large numbers, strong law of large numbers an kolmogorov’s theorems, glivenko-Cantelli theorem, probability generating function, characteristic function, inversion theorem, Laplace transform, related uniqueness and continuity theorems, determination of distribution
by its moments.

Linderberg and Levy forms of central limit theorem, standard discrete and continuous probability distributions, their interrelations and limiting cases, simple properties of finite Markov chains.

Statistical Inference: Consistency, unbiasedness, efficiency, sufficiency, minimal sufficiency, completeness, ancillary statistic, factorization theorem, exponential family of distribution and its properties, uniformly minimum variance unbiased (UMVU) estimation, Rao-Blackwell and Lehmann-Scheffe theorems, CramerRao inequality for single and several-parameter family of distributions, minimum variance bound estimator and its properties, modifications and extensions of Cramer-Rao inequality, Chapman-Robbins inequality, Bhattacharyya’s bounds, estimation by methods of moments, maximum likelihood, least squares, minimum chi-square and modified minimum chi-square, properties of maximum likelihood and other estimators, idea of
asymptotic efficiency, idea of prior and posterior distributions, Bayes estimators.

Non-randomized and randomized tests, critical function, MP tests, Neyman Pearson lemma, UMP tests, monotone likelihood ratio, generalized Neyman Pearson lemma, similar and unbiased tests, UMPU tests for single and several-parameter families of distributions, likelihood rotates and its large sample properties, chi-square goodness of fit test and its asymptotic distribution. Confidence bounds and its relation with tests, uniformly most accurate
(UMA) and UMA unbiased confidence bounds. Kolmogorov’s test for goodness of fit and its consistency, sign test and its optimality. Wilcoxon signed-ranks test and its consistency, Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample test,
run test, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test and median test, their consistency and asymptotic normality.
Wald’s SPRT and its properties, OC and ASN functions, Wald’s fundamental identity, sequential estimation.
Linear Inference and Multivariate Analysis :
Linear Statistical models, theory of least squares and analysis of variance, Gauss-Markoff theory, normal equations, least squares estimates and their precision, test of significance and interval estimates based on lease squares theory in one-way, two-way and three-way classified data, regression analysis, linear regression, curvilinear regression and orthogonal polynomials, multiple regression, multiple and partial correlations,
regression diagnostics and sensitivity analysis, calibration problems, estimation of variance and covariance components, MINQUE theory, multivariate normal distribution, Mahalanobis; D2 and Hotellings’s T2
statistics and their applications and properties, discriminant analysis, canonical correlations, one-way MANOVA, principal component analysis, elements of factor analysis.
Sampling Theory and Design of Experiments:
An outline of fixed-population and super-population approaches, distinctive features of finite population sampling, probability sampling designs, simple random sampling with and without replacement, stratified random sampling, systematic sampling and its efficacy for structural populations, cluster sampling, two-stage and multi-stage sampling, ratio and regression, methods of estimation involving one or more auxiliary variables, two-phase sampling, probability proportional to size sampling with and without replacement, the Hansen-Hurwitz and the Horvitz-Thompson estimators, non-negative variance estimation with reference to the Horvitz-Thompson estimator, non-sampling errors, Warner’s randomized response technique for sensitive characteristics.
Fixed effects model (two-way classification) random and mixed effects models (two-way classification per cell), CRD, RBD, LSD and their analyses, incomplete block designs, concepts of orthogonality and balance, BIBD,
missing plot technique, factorial designs : 2n, 32 and 33, confounding in factorial experiments, split-plot and simple lattice designs.
PAPER-II
Industrial Statistics
Process and product control general theory of control charts, different types of control charts for variables and attributes, X, R, s, p, np and c charts, cumulative sum chart, V-mask, single, double, multiple and sequential
sampling plans for attributes, OC, ASN, AOQ and ATI curves, concepts of producer’s and consumer’s risks, AQL, LTPD and AOQL, sampling plans for variables, use of Dodge-Romig and Military Standard tables.
Concepts of reliability, maintainability and availability, reliability of series and parallel systems and other simple configurations, renewal density and renewal function, survival models (exponential), Weibull, lognormal,
Rayleigh and bath-tup), different types of redundancy and use of redundancy in reliability improvement, problems in life-testing, censored and truncated experiments for exponential models.
Optimization Techniques:
Different, types of models in Operational Research, their construction and general methods of solution, simulation and Monte-Carlo methods, the structure and formulation of linear programming (LP) problem, simple LP model and its graphical solution, the simplex procedure, the two-phase method and the M-technique with artificial variables, the duality theory of LP and its economic interpretation, sensitivity analysis, transportation and assignment problems, rectangular games, two-person zero-sum games, methods of solution (graphical and algerbraic).
Replacement of failing or deteriorating items, group and individual replacement policies, concept of scientific inventory management and analytical structure of inventory problems, simple models with deterministic
and stochastic demand with and without lead time, storage models with particular reference to dam type.
Homogeneous discrete-time Markov chains, transition probability matrix, classification of states and ergotic theorems, homogeneous continuous-time Markov chains, Poisson process, elements of queuing theory, M/M/1, M/M/K, G/M/1 and M/G/1 queues. Solution of statistical problems on computers using well known statistical software packages like SPSS.
Quantitative Economics and Official Statistics:
Determination of trend, seasonal and cyclical components, Box-Jenkins method, tests for stationery of series, ARIMA models and determination of orders of autoregressive and moving average components, forecasting.
Commonly used index numbers-Laspeyre’s, Paashe’s and Fisher’s ideal index numbers, chain-base index number uses and limitations of index numbers, index number of wholesale prices, consumer price index number, index numbers of agricultural and industrial production, tests, for mdex numbers lve proportionality test, time-reversal test, factor-reversal test, circular test and dimensional invariance test.

General linear model, ordinary least squares and generalized least squires methods of estimation, problem of multicollinearity, consequences and solutions of multicollinearity, autocorrelation and its consequences,
heteroscedasticity of disturbances and its testing, test for independence of disturbances Zellner’s seemingly unrelated regression equation model and its estimation, concept of structure and model for simultaneous equations, problem of identification-rank and order conditions of identifiability, two stage least squares method of estimation. Present official statistical system in India relating to population, agriculture,
industrial production, trade and prices, methods of collection of official statistics, their reliability and limitation and the principal publications containing such statistics, various official agencies responsible for data
collection and their main functions.
Demography and Psychometry:
Demographic data from census, registration, NSS and other surveys and their limitation and uses, definition, construction and uses of vital rates and ratios, measures of fertility, reproduction rates, morbidity rate, standardized death rate, complete and abridged life tables, construction of life tables from vital statistics and census returns, uses of life tables, logistic and other population growth curves, fitting a logistic curve, population projection, stable population theory, uses of stable population and quasi-stable population techniques in estimation of demographic parameters, morbidity and its measurement, standard classification by cause of death, health surveys and use of hospital statistics.
Methods of standardization of scales and tests, Z-scores, standard scores, T-scores, percentile scores, intelligence quotient and its measurement and uses, validity of test scores and its determination, use of factor analysis and path analysis in psychometry.

ZOOLOGY

PAPER-1
Section-A

Non-chordata and chordata :
Classification and relationship of various phyla upto sub-classes; Acoelomata and Coelomata;Protostomes and Deuterostomes, Bilateralia and Radiata; Status of Protista, Parazoa, Onychophora and Hemichordata; Symmetry.
Protoza : Locomotion, nutrition, reproduction; evolution of sex; General features and life history of Paramaecium, Monocystis, Plasmodium and Leishmania.
Porifera : Skeleton, canal system and reproduction.
Coelenterata : Polymorphism, defensive structures and their mechanism; coral reefs and their formation; metagenesis; general features and life history of Obelia and Aurelia.
Platyhelminthes : Parasitic adaptation; general features and life history of Fasciola and Taenia and their relation to man.
Nemathelminthes : General features, life history and parasitic adaptation of Ascaris; nemathelminths in relation to man.
Annelida : Coelom and metamerism; modes of life in polychaetes; general features and life history of nereis (Neanthes), earthworm (Pheretima) and leach (Hirudinaira).
Arthropoda : Larval forms and parasitism in Crustacea; vision and respiration in arthropods (prawn, cockroach and scorpion); modification of mouth parts in insects (cockroach, mosquito, housefly, honey bee and butterfly); metamorphosis in insects and its hormonal regulation; social organization in insects (termites and honey bees).
Mollusca : Feeding, respiration, locomotion, shell diversiy; general features and life history of Lamellidens, Pila and Sepia, torsion and detorsion in gastropods.
Echinodermata : Feeding, respiration, locomotion larval forms; general features and life history of Asterias.
Protochordata : Origin of chordates; general features and life history of Branchiostoma and Herdamania.
Pisces : Scales, respiration, locomotion, migration.
Amphibia : Origin of tetrapods; parental care, paedomorphosis.
Reptilia : Origin of reptiles; skull types; status of Sphenodon and crocidiles.
Aves : Origin of birds; flight adaptation, migration.
Mammalia : Origin of mammals; dentition; general features of egglaying mammals, pouched-mammals, aquatic mammals and primates; endocrine glands and other hormone producing structures (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads) and their interrelationships.
Comparative functional anatomy of various systems of vertebrates (integument and its derivatives, endoskeleton, locomotory organs, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system including heart and aortic arches; urinogenital system, brain and sense organs (eye and ear).

Section-B

Ecology :
Biosphere : Biogeochemical cycles, green-houses effect, ozone layer and its impact; ecological succession, biomes and ecotones.
Population, characteristics, population dynamics, population stabilization.
Conservation of natural resources– mineral mining, fisheries, aquaculture; forestry; grassland; wildlife (Project Tiger); sustainable production in agriculture-integrated pest management.
Environmental biodegradation; pollution and its impact on biosphere and its prevention.
Ethology :
Behaviour : Sensory filtering, responsiveness, sign stimuli, learning, instinct, habituation, conditioning, imprinting.
Role of hormones indrive; role of pheromones in alarm spreading; crypsis, predator detection, predator tactics, social behavior in insects and primates; courtship(Drosophila, 3-spine stickleback and birds).
Orientation, navigation, homing; biological rhythms; biological clock, tidal, seasonal and circadian rhythms.
Methods of studying animal behavior.
Economic Zoology :
Apiculture, sericulture, lac culture, carp culture, pearl culture, prawn culture.
Major infectious and communicable diseases (small pox, plague, malaria, tuberculosis, cholera and AIDS) their vectors, pathogens and prevention.
Cattle and livestock diseases, their pathogens (helminthes) and vectors (ticks, mites, Tabanus, Stomoxys).

Pests of sugar cane (Pyrilla perpusiella) oil seed (Achaea Janata) and rice (Sitophilusoryzae).

Biostatistics : Designing of experiments; null hypothesis; correlation, regression, distribution and measure of central tendency, chi-square, student t-test, F-test (one-way and two-way F-test).
Instrumental methods :
Spectrophotometry, flame photometry, Geiger-Muller counter, scintillation counting. Electron microscopy (TEM, SEM).
PAPER-II
Section-A
Cell Biology :
Structure and function of cell and its organelles (nucleus, plasma membrane, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes and lysosomes), cell division (mitosis and meiosis), mitotic spindle and mitotic apparatus, chromosome movement.

Watson-Crick model of DNA, replication of DNA, protein synthesis, transcription and transcription factors.
Genetics
Gene structure and functions; genetic code.
Sex chromosomes and sex determination in Drosophila, nematodes and man.
Mendel’s laws of inheritance, recombination, linkage, linkage maps, multiple alleles, citron concept; genetics of blood groups.
Mutations and mutagenesis : radiation and chemical.
Cloning technology, plasmids and cosmids as vectors, transgenics, transposons, DNA sequence cloning and whole animal cloning (Principles and methodology).
Regulation and gene expression in pro-and eukaryotes.
Signal transduction; pedigree-analysis; congenital diseases in man.
Human genome mapping; DNA finger-printing.
Evolution
Origin of life: Natural selection, role of mutation in evolution, mimicry, variation, isolation, speciation.
Fossils and fossilization; evolution of horse, elephant and man.
Hardy-Weinberg Law, causes of change in gene frequency.
Continental drift and distribution of animals.
Systematics
Zoological nomenclature; international code; cladistics.
Section-B
Biochemistry
Structure and role of carbohydrates, fats, lipids, proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids; saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol.
Glycolysis and Krebs cycle, oxidation and reduction, oxidative phosphorylation; energy conservation and release, ATP, cyclic AMP-its structure and role.
Hormone classification (steroid and peptide hormones), biosynthesis and function.
Enzymes : types and mechanisms of action; immunoglobulin and immunity; vitamins and coenzymes.
Physiology (with special reference to mammals)
Composition and constituents of blood; blood groups and Rh factor in man; coagulation, factors and mechanism of coagulation; acid-base balance, thermo regulation.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport; hemoglobin : constituents and role in regulation.
Nutritive requirements; role of salivary glands, liver, pancreas and intestinal glands in digestion and absorption.
Excretory products; nephron and regulation of urine formation; osmoregulation.
Types of muscles, mechanism of contraction of skeletal muscles.
Neuron, nerve impulse-its conduction and synaptic transmission; neurotransmitters.
Vision, hearing and olfaction in man.
Mechanism of hormone action.
Physiology of reproduction, role of hormones and pheromones.
Developmental Biology
Differentiation from gamete to neural stage; dedifferentiation; metaplasia, induction, morphogenesis and morphogen; fate maps of gastrulae in frog and chick; organogenesis of eye and heart, plaenation in mammals.
Role of cytoplasm in and genetic control of development; cell lineage; causation of metamorphosis in frog and insects; paedogenesia and neoteny; growth, degrowth and cell death; ageing; blastogenesis; regeneration; teratogenesis; neoplasia.
Invasiveness of placenta; in vitro fertilization; embryo transfer, cloning.
Baer’s law; evo-devo concept.

OPSC Asst. Conservator of Forests Syllabus 2024 pdf Download

OPSC ASO SYLLABUS